How many electrons does selenium gain or lose in forming an ion? The two additional electrons required to fill the valence orbitals give the oxide ion the charge of 2– (O 2–). Yahoo is part of Verizon Media. A comparison of the different physical properties of ionic compounds and covalent molecular substances is given in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). Some atoms can split into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

Why is the electric charge a fundamental conserved property? A. Free LibreFest conference on November 4-6! Likewise, to calculate the number of electrons for an ion that carries a negative charge, you must recall that when an ion carries a negative charge, the number of electrons are more than the number of protons. After locating the noble gas that is closest to the element, determine the number of electrons the element must gain or lose to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas. Atoms or groups of atoms that possess a net electrical charge are called ions; they can have either a positive charge (cations) or a negative charge (anions). Information about your device and internet connection, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps.

To do this it will have to gain 2 electrons, hence the 2- Note: selenium behaves much like sulphur. What does it mean that the electric charge is quantized?

Is it easier to lose 6 things or gain 2 things? If you want to know half lifetime, you can use Half Life Calculator in order to calculate the number of nuclei remaining after a certain time. Atoms like to have the outer level electrons equal to the closest noble gas, usually 8 electrons. The substances described in the preceding discussion are composed of molecules that are electrically neutral; that is, the number of positively-charged protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of negatively-charged electrons.

You can change your choices at any time by visiting Your Privacy Controls. [ "article:topic", "anion", "cation", "ionic compound", "monatomic ion", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa" ], Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds. Symbol of an ion. What determines if an atom is electrically charged or electrically neutral? They then have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas: neon.

Selenium atom A. Se6+ B. Se2+ C. Se6− D. Se2− Correct Answer: D. Which of the following is the best description of how electrons are transferred in an ionic bond? 3698 views

As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\), the strength of the interaction is proportional to the magnitude of the charges and decreases as the distance between the particles increases. Selenium may lose 2, 4 or 6 electrons and may gain 2 electrons.

Ionic compounds contain both cations and anions in a ratio that results in zero electrical charge. A Lewis electron dot diagram (or electron dot diagram or a Lewis diagram or a Lewis structure) is a representation of the valence electrons of an atom that uses dots around the symbol of the element. aluminum, used in the quantum logic clock, the world’s most precise clock, selenium, used to make ruby-colored glass, yttrium, used to make high-performance spark plugs.

Because the lanthanides and actinides formally belong to group 3, the most common ion formed by these elements is M3+, where M represents the metal. Identify the number of protons and electrons in the Sc 3+ ion. When \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\) are both positive, corresponding to the charges on cations, the cations repel each other and the electrostatic energy is positive.

In an ionic compound, the cations and anions are arranged in space to form an extended three-dimensional array that maximizes the number of attractive electrostatic interactions and minimizes the number of repulsive electrostatic interactions (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.

For example, at room temperature, methane, the major constituent of natural gas, is a gas that is composed of discrete \(\ce{CH4}\) molecules.

A negatively-charged ion or anion has more electrons than protons. B.

Again, the number of protons is the atomic number. Thus, 12-2= 10 electrons. To facilitate our understanding of how valence electrons interact, a simple way of representing those valence electrons would be useful. In covalent compounds, electrons are shared between bonded atoms and are simultaneously attracted to more than one nucleus. In contrast, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4b}\) most covalent compounds consist of discrete molecules held together by comparatively weak intermolecular forces (the forces between molecules), even though the atoms within each molecule are held together by strong intramolecular covalent bonds (the forces within the molecule).

These properties stem from the characteristic internal structure of an ionic solid, illustrated schematically in Figure \(\PageIndex{4a}\) which shows the three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic attractions.

Identify the group in the periodic table to which the element belongs. Protons and Electrons Problem . This topic will be addressed elsewhere. The covalent bonds that hold the atoms together in the molecules are unaffected when covalent substances melt or evaporate, so a liquid or vapor of independent molecules is formed. where \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\) are the electrical charges on particles 1 and 2, and \(r\) is the distance between them. Selenium could lose 6 electrons or gain 2 electrons to have a noble gas configuration.

Five of these isotopes are stable: 74 Se, 76 Se, 77 Se, 78 Se, and 80 Se.

Ions that contain fewer electrons than protons have a net positive charge and are called cations.

If the electrostatic energy is positive, the particles repel each other; if the electrostatic energy is negative, the particles are attracted to each other. Find out more about how we use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Ionic compounds usually form hard crystalline solids with high melting points. Conversely, ions that contain more electrons than protons have a net negative charge and are called anions. As shown in Equation \(\ref{Eq1}\), the electrostatic energy of the interaction between two charged particles is proportional to the product of the charges on the particles and inversely proportional to the distance between them: \[ \text {electrostatic energy} \propto {Q_1Q_2 \over r} \label{Eq1}\]. To do this it will have to gain 2 electrons, hence the #2-#. We and our partners will store and/or access information on your device through the use of cookies and similar technologies, to display personalised ads and content, for ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. In contrast, ionic compounds contain cations and anions rather than discrete neutral molecules. Conversely, if an ion has more electrons than electrons, it is negatively charged and is called an anion.

In addition, the elements in group 13 lose three electrons to form cations, such as Al3+, again attaining the same number of electrons as the noble gas closest to them in the periodic table. How can I calculate the net charge of an ion.

Each Na+ ion is surrounded by 6 Cl− ions, and each Cl− ion is surrounded by 6 Na+ ions.

Can a polarized object have a net charge of zero? Selenium (34 Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79 Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Relating microscopic bonding properties to macroscopic solid properties. Some common monatomic ions are listed in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\).

The atoms in chemical compounds are held together by attractive electrostatic interactions known as chemical bonds. It will want to fill its outer shell with 8 electrons (the octet rule). One example of an ionic compound is sodium chloride (NaCl; Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)), formed from sodium and chlorine. Solid sodium chloride contains equal numbers of cations (Na+) and anions (Cl−), thus maintaining electrical neutrality. Covalent molecular solids tend to form soft crystals that melt at low temperatures and evaporate easily.

Have questions or comments? Ions can consist of one atom (monatomic ions) or several (polyatomic ions). Similarly, K+, Ca2+, and Sc3+ have 18 electrons each, like the nearest noble gas: argon. Ionic compounds form hard crystalline solids that melt at high temperatures and are resistant to evaporation.

Consistent with a tendency to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas, when forming ions, elements in groups 1, 2, and 3 tend to lose one, two, and three electrons, respectively, to form cations, such as Na+ and Mg2+. Ionic compounds are held together by the attractive electrostatic interactions between cations and anions. For example, barium (in Group 2) forms Ba2+ to have the same number of electrons as its nearest noble gas, xenon; oxygen (in Group 16) forms O2− to have the same number of electrons as neon; and cesium (in Group 1) forms Cs+, which has the same number of electrons as xenon.

Ionic compounds contain both cations and anions in a ratio that results in no net electrical charge.

Predict the charge on the most common monatomic ion formed by each element.

For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Se^(2-) It will want to fill its outer shell with 8 electrons (the octet rule).

B The nearest noble gas is krypton, so we predict that selenium will gain two electrons to form the Se 2− ion, which has the same number of electrons as krypton.

Explain the bonding nature of ionic compounds. Note that this method is ineffective for most of the transition metals.

A metal atom loses electrons and a nonmetal atom gains electrons. Electrons are negative charge, so the atom becomes a negative 2 charged ion. Elements in Groups 1, 2, and 3 tend to form 1+, 2+, and 3+ ions, respectively; elements in Groups 15, 16, and 17 tend to form 3−, 2−, and 1− ions, respectively.

Covalent substances can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and pressure, depending on the strength of the intermolecular interactions. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. What ion will be formed by the selenium atom shown below when it has a stable set of valence electrons?

The charges of most monatomic ions derived from the main group elements can be predicted by simply looking at the periodic table and counting how many columns an element lies from the extreme left or right. How can I find the net charge of a molecule?

When \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\) are both negative, corresponding to the charges on anions, the anions repel each other and the electrostatic energy is again positive. These energetic factors are discussed in greater quantitative detail later. Ionic compounds contain positively and negatively charged ions in a ratio that results in an overall charge of zero. Example 2: Determining the Electronic Structure of Anions Selenium and iodine are two essential trace elements that form anions.

In contrast, ions are atoms or assemblies of atoms that have a net electrical charge.

The number of electrons is the atomic number added to the charge. It's easier to gain 2 electrons. Ions such as these, which contain only a single atom, are called monatomic ions. around the world. Some covalent substances, however, are not molecular but consist of infinite three-dimensional arrays of covalently bonded atoms and include some of the hardest materials known, such as diamond. Name: Selenium Symbol: Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Mass: 78.96 amu Melting Point: 217.0 °C (490.15 K, 422.6 °F) Boiling Point: 684.9 °C (958.05005 K, 1264.8201 °F) Number of Protons/Electrons: 34 Number of Neutrons: 45 Classification: Non-metal Crystal Structure: Hexagonal Density @ 293 K: 4.79 g/cm 3 Color: gray Atomic Structure

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