[152], Yersinia pestis is also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern China in 1865, eventually spreading to India.

If the ship passed that first test and there were no signs of disease, but the ship's itinerary included a city with documented plague activity, the ship was sent to the second tier of quarantine, at islands outside of Marseille harbour. Please refresh the page and try again. In urban centres, the greater the population before the outbreak, the longer the duration of the period of abnormal mortality. [109] Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. Tunis was then under attack by an army from Morocco; this army dispersed in 1348 and brought the contagion with them to Morocco, whose epidemic may also have been seeded from the Islamic city of Almería in al-Andalus. [99] The populations of some Italian cities, notably Florence, did not regain their pre-14th century size until the 19th century. [136] Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. Some Europeans targeted "various groups such as Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars, pilgrims", lepers,[124][125] and Romani, blaming them for the crisis. [116], The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran, and Syria, during this time, is for a death toll of about a third of the population. Eventually, the number of dead overcame city public health efforts, until thousands of corpses lay scattered and in piles around the city. When it arrived at Marseille, it was promptly placed under quarantine in the lazaret by the port authorities. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. [98], Mecca became infected in 1348 by pilgrims performing the Hajj. [32][c] In 1908, Gasquet claimed that use of the name atra mors for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in a 1631 book on Danish history by J. I. Pontanus: "Commonly and from its effects, they called it the black death" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant). It killed a total of 100,000 people in the city of Marseille, France. This blockage starves the fleas and drives them to aggressive feeding behaviour and attempts to clear the blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. [66] Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship. [110], Detailed study of the mortality data available points to two conspicuous features in relation to the mortality caused by the Black Death: namely the extreme level of mortality caused by the Black Death, and the remarkable similarity or consistency of the level of mortality, from Spain in southern Europe to England in north-western Europe. “In men and women alike,” the Italian poet Giovanni Boccacci…

[150], The third plague pandemic (1855–1859) started in China in the mid-19th century, spreading to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.

[127] In the Strasbourg massacre of February 1349, about 2,000 Jews were murdered. [63][64] This theory is supported by research in 2018 which suggested transmission was more likely by body lice and human fleas during the second plague pandemic. The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality, or the Plague) was the deadliest pandemic recorded in human history. You will receive a verification email shortly. The “bill of health” then determined the level of access to the city by the ship and its cargo. The plague of Marseilles, France, in 1720-1721 is considered to be the last major plague outbreak in Western Europe. Duchene and Contrucci (2004), Chronology. [68], According to a team of medical geneticists led by Mark Achtman that analysed the genetic variation of the bacterium, Yersinia pestis "evolved in or near China",[69][70] from which it spread around the world in multiple epidemics. Later research by a team led by Galina Eroshenko places the origins more specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China. The Sanitation Board established a three-tiered control and quarantine system.

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